Ukuqonda iAluminiyam Hydroxide: Iipropati, iMveliso, kunye nokuSetyenziswa

1. Intshayelelo

I-Aluminiyam Hydroxide, imelwe ngokwekhemikhali njenge-Al(OH) 3, ime njengenye yezona zinto ziguquguqukayo, ezixhaphakileyo, kunye nezibalulekileyo kwimizi-mveliso yeehydroxide zentsimbi kuqoqosho lwangoku lwehlabathi. Ngelixa ekuqaleni isenokuvakala njengekhemikhali yelabhoratri ekhethekileyo okanye iminerali engacacanga kwabo bangayaziyo, idlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu, esisiseko kuluhlu olumangalisayo lwamacandelo oshishino. La macandelo asusela kwimveliso yeekhemikhali ephucukileyo, ubunjineli bepolymer, kunye nolawulo lokusingqongileyo ukuya kumayeza, unyango lwamanzi, kunye nempahla yabathengi bemihla ngemihla. Indibaniselwano eyodwa yozinzo lwekhemikhali, isimilo esinomtsalane se-amphoteric, kunye nelangatye eligqwesileyo{4}}izakhiwo ezibambezelekayo ziyenza ibe sisixhobo esisisiseko sokubonelela ngamazwe ngamazwe, ukuphembelela yonke into ukusuka kukhuseleko lokwakha ukuya kwimpilo yabantu.

Ukuqonda ixabiso lokwenyani kunye nobubanzi beAluminiyam Hydroxide kufuna ujongo olubanzi, -oluneenkalo ezininzi kwindlela iimpawu zayo ezisisiseko zemolekyuli ezilawula ngayo ukuziphatha kwayo kwimveliso entsonkothileyo kunye nosetyenziso lwemihla ngemihla yorhwebo. Ukusukela ekutsalweni kwayo okokuqala eMhlabeni ngendlela entsonkothileyo kunye namandla{2}}inkqubo enzulu ye-Bayer ukuya ekumiselweni kwayo okubalulekileyo njenge-eco{3}}isixhobo sokucima umlilo esinobuhlobo kwizinto zombane zala maxesha kunye nobomi{4}}obusindisayo kwizithako zamayeza kumayeza anamhlanje, le khompawundi ichukumisa phantse yonke inkalo yempucuko yangoku. Eli nqaku liphonononga iipropati zeekhemikhali ezingundoqo, iindlela zokuvelisa kunye nemveliso ekhulayo, kunye nezicelo ezininzi eziqinisa ixabiso lezoqoqosho kunye neteknoloji ye-Aluminiyam Hydroxide kwishishini lehlabathi jikelele, ibalaselisa uphuhliso lwayo lwembali, izenzo zangoku zoshishino, kunye nomzila wexesha elizayo ekuzinzeni okuqhubekayo-kugxilwe kwi-technology landscape.

2. IiPropati zeMichiza kunye neMzimba yeAluminiyam Hydroxide

Ubume beMichiza kunye neNdalo ye-Amphoteric

Kwinqanaba lemolekyuli, iAluminiyam Hydroxide iqulathe umbindi wealuminiyam cation edityaniswe ngokuqinileyo kwiianyoni ezintathu ezingqonge ihydroxide, ivelisa{0}ifomula eyaziwayo yekhemikhali iAl(OH)3. Olunye lweempawu zayo zekhemikhali ezichazayo nezinomdla ngokwenzululwazi yindalo yayo ye-amphoteric. Oku kuthetha ukuba i-compound inokusabela kwiikhemikhali njengezo zombini i-asidi ebuthakathaka kunye nesiseko esibuthathaka ngokuxhomekeke ngokupheleleyo kwimeko yekhemikhali kunye ne-pH yendawo ejikelezileyo. Xa evezwe kwiiasidi ezinamandla, ezifana ne-hydrochloric acid okanye i-asidi ye-sulfuric, i-Aluminiyam Hydroxide inyibilika ngokulula ukwenza iityuwa ze-aluminium ezinyibilikayo kunye namanzi. Ngokuchaseneyo, xa ibonakaliswe kwiziseko ezomeleleyo njengesodium hydroxide, isabela ukwenza iialuminum ezinyibilikayo, ezifana ne-sodium tetrahydroxoaluminate. Oku kuphinda kusebenze kwikhemikhali kubini ayingomdla nje wethiyori ofundiswa kumagumbi okufundela; sesona sixhobo sisisiseko se-thermodynamic esivumela ukuba icocwe kwintsimbi ekrwada ye-bauxite ngexesha lokusetyenzwa kweekhemikhali kwaye kamva isetyenziswe kwimichiza ekhethekileyo eyahlukeneyo.

Iimpawu zoMzimba kunye neZenzeko zeNdalo

Kwimo yayo ecocekileyo, esulungekileyo, i-Aluminiyam Hydroxide ibonakala ilungile, imhlophe, ingenavumba, ingenancasa, i-amorphous powder okanye njenge-crystalline solidified. Ayinyibiliki emanzini nakwizinyibilikisi eziqhelekileyo zendalo phantsi kweemeko ezingathathi hlangothi, ipropathi ebalulekileyo ebonakalayo eyinika ikhuselekile kwiinkqubo ezininzi zangaphakathi kunye nezangaphakathi apho ukufunxwa kwenkqubo kufuneka kulawulwe ngokungqongqo okanye kuthintelwe ngokupheleleyo. Ngokwendalo, iAluminiyam Hydroxide yenzeka ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo zeminerali, ngakumbi njenge-gibbsite, kunye neepolymorphs zayo ezinqabileyo ezifana ne-bayerite, nordstrandite, kunye ne-doyleite. I-Gibbsite yeyona ininzi kakhulu kwaye isebenza njengeyona nto iphambili ye-bauxite, eyona ntsimbi iphambili yentengiso yehlabathi kuzo zombini i-aluminiyam yesinyithi kunye nemveliso yeekhemikhali ze-aluminiyam. Ngaphaya koko, iAluminiyam Hydroxide ibonisa uzinzo olubalulekileyo lobushushu ukuya kuthi ga kumda wobushushu obuthile. Xa ishushu ngaphezu kwama-200 degrees Celsius, ifumana utshintsho olukhulu, ikhuphe iimolekyuli zamanzi ezibotshelelwe ziikhemikhali ngendlela emandla endothermic reaction. Oku kuziphatha kuthe ngqo kwe-thermodynamic kwenza isiseko senzululwazi sokwamkelwa kwayo ngokubanzi njengento esebenza ngokugqwesileyo esebenza ngedangatye kwizinto zokwenziwa zanamhlanje.

3. Iindlela zeMveliso yoShishino

Inkqubo yeBayer: Isiseko

Uninzi lweAluminiyam Hydroxide yorhwebo eveliswe kwihlabathi liphela yenziwa ngenkqubo yeBayer, indlela enkulu yokusulungekisa imichiza eyaqanjwa ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba esasebenza njengomqolo opheleleyo kushishino lwe-aluminiyam yehlabathi. Inkqubo iqala nge-bauxite, into engacocekanga, yodongwe-efana nentsimbi ekrwada equlethe iindidi ngeendidi zealuminiyam oxides kunye neehydroxides ezixutywe kakhulu nee-iron oxides, i-silica, kunye ne-titanium dioxide. I-bauxite ekrwada, etyumkileyo iphantsi kokwetyisa phantsi koxinzelelo oluphezulu kunye nobushushu obuphakamileyo kwisisombululo esinamanzi esigxininisiweyo sesodium hydroxide, eqhele ukubhekiswa kuyo kwizityalo zoshishino njenge-caustic soda. Eli nyathelo lokwetyisa elibukhali linyibilikisa i-aluminiyam{4} ethwala izigaba zeminerali, kuquka i-gibbsite, i-boehmite, kunye ne-diaspore, yenze isisombululo solwelo se-sodium aluminate egqithisiweyo ngelixa ishiya ubumdaka obunganyibilikiyo ngasemva njengenkunkuma eqinileyo eyaziwa ngokuba ludaka olubomvu okanye intsalela ye-bauxite.

Ukusulungekiswa kunye neMvula

Nje ukuba obu kungcola okuqinileyo kwahlulwe ngokucokisekileyo ngentlenga ngoomatshini, ukucaciswa, kunye neenkqubo zokuhluza ezininzi{0}}zenqanaba eliphezulu, utywala obucacileyo, obusulungekileyo besodium buyapholiswa phantsi kweemeko ezilawulwayo. Emva koko ihlwayelwa ngokucokisekileyo, iikristale ezincinci zeAluminiyam Hydroxide ebiveliswe ngaphambili ukuqalisa ukuqaqamba. Le mbewu ibangela inkqubo yokunetha elawulwa kakhulu, ibangela i-aluminiyam enyityilisiweyo ukuba ikhazimle ngaphandle kwesisombululo se-supersaturated njengephezulu{3}}i-Aluminium Hydroxide trihydrate ephezulu. Iikristale ezimanzi zihlanjwa ngokucokisekileyo ngamanzi acocekileyo ukuze zisuse nayiphi na intsalela yesoda ye-caustic, ihluzwe kwakhona, kwaye yomiswe ngokweenkcukacha. Ngokuxhomekeke kusetyenziso olucetyiweyo ngabavelisi abasezantsi, imathiriyeli inokuthengiswa ngokuthe ngqo njengophezulu{6}}ubunyulu behydrate okanye ifakwe kwiqondo eliphezulu{7}}lokubalwa kobushushu kwiikhilni ezinkulu ezijikelezayo ukuze kuqhutyelwe kude nolwakhiwo lwamanzi ngokupheleleyo, ukuvelisa umgubo okhethekileyo wealumina osetyenziswa kwiiseramikhi zobugcisa obuphambili, iibrasives, kunye nesinyithi sealuminiyam.

4. Usetyenziso olwahlukeneyo lweAluminiyam Hydroxide

IiRetardants zeFlame kunye neziXhasi zoMsi

Enye yezona zinkulu, ezibalulekileyo ngokwezoqoqosho, kwaye ezikhawulezayo-usetyenziso lwemizi-mveliso olukhulayo lweAluminiyam Hydroxide kusetyenziso lwayo oluxhaphakileyo njengengeyiyo{1}}i-halogenated flame retardant kunye nokucinezela umsi kwiipholima, iiplastiki zokwenziwa, ii-elastomers, kunye neemveliso zerabha. Xa izinto ezenziweyo eziqulethe ukulayishwa okuphezulu kwe-Aluminiyam Hydroxide zixhomekeke kwiqondo lokushisa eliphezulu ngengozi okanye umlilo osebenzayo, i-compound ifumana i-endothermic decomposition reaction. Ngokufunxa izixa ezikhulu zamandla obushushu ukusuka kwidangatye eliqhubela phambili, le mpendulo ipholisa i-polymer matrix engaphantsi kwaye icothisa kakhulu inkqubo yokutsha. Ngaxeshanye, ukubola kweekhemikhali kukhupha umphunga wamanzi, onyibilikisa iigesi ezivuthayo zepyrolytic kumoya ojikelezileyo kwaye zenze umaleko oshinyeneyo, okhuselayo, ongatshayo{5}}kumphezulu wepolima evuthayo. Kuba ingavelisi iigesi ezinetyhefu yehalogenated okanye umsi onomhlwa xa utshisiwe, iAluminiyam Hydroxide ithandwa kakhulu kukhuseleko{7}}usetyenziso olubalulekileyo olufana nokugqunywa kweengcingo zombane, izinto zangaphakathi zothutho lukawonke-wonke, iipaneli zokwakha, kunye nezindlu ze-elektroniki ezinovakalelo.

Ukusetyenziswa kwezamayeza kunye noNyango

Ngaphaya komzi mveliso onzima kunye nobunjineli bepolymer, iAluminiyam Hydroxide idlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu kunyango kumacandelo onyango kunye namayeza. Lixesha-elivavanyiweyo,{2}}lisekwe kakuhle isithako esisebenzayo soxubo mayeza esisetyenziswa njenge antacid ukuthomalalisa iasidi esesiswini esigqithisileyo, ukunika isiqabu esikhawulezayo nesithembekileyo kwisitshisa esibukhali, ukungagayeki okungapheliyo, kunye neacid reflux. Ngokuphendula ngeekhemikhali kunye ne-gastric hydrochloric acid esiswini, iphakamisa ngokukhuselekileyo i-pH yeziqulatho zesisu kwaye idale i-cooth, i-coating ekhuselayo yomzimba phezu kwesisu esicasulayo. Ukongeza, i-Aluminiyam Hydroxide ihlala imiselwe ngoogqirha kwizigulana ezinesifo sezintso ezingapheliyo ukunceda ukulawula i-hyperphosphatemia. Ifezekisa oku ngokubophelela i-phosphorus yokutya ngokuthe ngqo kwi-gastrointestinal tract, ngaloo ndlela ikhusela ukufunxa kwayo kwigazi apho ingabangela iingxaki ezinzima ze-cardiovascular and skeletal complications. Ngaphaya kwezi zicelo zomlomo, amabakala asulungekileyo, akhethekileyo eAluminiyam Hydroxide asetyenziswa njengesixhobo esikhuselekileyo kwizitofu ezahlukeneyo zogonyo lwabantu kunye nezilwanyana, apho iphucula ngokwasemzimbeni kwaye yandisa impendulo yomzimba yokuzikhusela kwi-antigen ekujoliswe kuyo.

Ukunyangwa kwamanzi kunye ne-Chemical Precursor

Ubunjineli bokusingqongileyo kunye neenkqubo zeziseko zophuhliso zikamasipala zixhomekeke kakhulu kwiAluminiyam Hydroxide kunye nezinto eziphuma kuyo kwiikhemikhali zokucoca amanzi{0}}kwizinga elikhulu. Nangona ii-coagulants eziphambili ezifana ne-aluminium sulfate okanye i-polyaluminium chloride zihlala zongezwa ngokuthe ngqo kwimithombo yamanzi kamasipala eluhlaza, i-Aluminiyam Hydroxide ihamba ngokwemvelo kwaye yenza ngokukhawuleza ngexesha lohlengahlengiso olulandelayo lwe-pH kunye nezigaba zokucacisa. Ezi getinous flocs zisebenza njengeeflocculants ezikhethekileyo zokutshayela, zibambe ngokufanelekileyo kwaye zisuse izinto eziqinileyo ezimisiweyo, izinto zendalo eziphilayo, iimicroorganisms ze-pathogenic, kunye ne-ion zetsimbi enzima kwimijelo yamanzi amdaka ngaphambi kokuba zikhutshelwe kwindawo esingqongileyo okanye zinyangelwe amanzi okusela. Ngaphaya koko, i-Aluminiyam Hydroxide isebenza njenge-precursor yeekhemikhali eyimfuneko ekwenzeni uluhlu olukhulu lweekhemikhali zealuminiyam ezikhethekileyo. Isetyenziswa njengeyona nto iphambili yokuqalisa ukudibanisa i-zeolite yokwenziwa ye-petrochemical catalysis, iglasi ekhethekileyo yokukhanya, -izinto zokugquma zephepha eziphakamileyo, kunye nezibonda zemizi-mveliso ezisebenzayo, ezibonisa ukuguquguquka kwayo okukhulu njengebhloko yokwakha imichiza.

5. Okusingqongileyo, uKhuseleko, kunye neNkalo yekamva

Iiprofayili zoKhuseleko kunye neMiqathango yokuPhatha

Ngelixa i-Aluminiyam Hydroxide ibonwa ngokubanzi njengekhuselekile kubathengi xa isetyenziselwa ukwenza amayeza, ukutya -izinto zoqhagamshelwano, kunye nezinto zendlu, ukuveliswa kwemizi-mveliso kunye{1}}nokuphathwa komgangatho omkhulu kufuna iiprothokholi ezingqongqo zokhuseleko kunye nezilumkiso zomsebenzi. Ukuphefumla okuqhelekileyo kothuli olululo lweAluminiyam Hydroxide oluveliswe ngexesha lokugaya ishishini, ingxowa, okanye i-polymer compounding kunokubangela ukucaphuka komatshini wendlela yokuphefumula ephezulu kunye nemiphunga. Ngenxa yoko, amaziko ale mihla asebenza kwimizi-mveliso asebenzisa iinkqubo zokuphuma komoya ezikumgangatho ophezulu wasekhaya,{4}}iindlela zokuqokelela uthuli olusulungekileyo, kunye nezixhobo ezinyanzelekileyo zokukhusela umntu, ezifana neziphefumli ezivunyiweyo, iiglavu zokhuseleko, kunye neeglavu zokukhusela, ukukhusela impilo yabasebenzi. Ngokwembono ye-ecotoxicological, ikhompawundi ayinyibiliki kakhulu emanzini phantsi kweemeko eziqhelekileyo zokusingqongileyo, nto leyo inciphisa imingcipheko eyityhefu ebukhali kwizinto eziphilayo zasemanzini, nangona uqokelelo lwexesha elide kunye nezifundo zekhemistri yomhlaba ziqhubeka nokukhokela imigaqo yokukhutshelwa kwemizi-mveliso kunye nesakhelo sokuhlolwa kokusingqongileyo kwihlabathi liphela.

Impembelelo yokusiNgqongileyo kunye nokuPhuculwa kweTekhnoloji

Ukuveliswa kweAluminiyam Hydroxide ngenkqubo yeBayer yemveli ngamandla endalo{0}}amandla kwaye ivelisa umthamo omkhulu wentsalela ye-bauxite, inikezela ngolawulo oluqhubekayo lokusingqongileyo kunye{1}}nomngeni wokusetyenziswa komhlaba kushishino. Uphando lwale mihla lwemizi-mveliso kunye neenzame zobunjineli zigxile kakhulu ekuphuculeni ukusebenza kakuhle kwamandla ee-autoclaves zokwetyisa kunye neendawo zokubala, kunye nokuphuhlisa iindlela ezintsha, ezivaliweyo zokuhlaziya i-aluminiyam{4}}ethwele inkunkuma yemizi-mveliso. Ngaxeshanye, oosonzululwazi bezinto eziphambili bubunjineli obuchanekileyo -ubungakanani bosasazo, imorphology ephuculweyo, kunye nomphezulu{7}}amanqanaba alungisiweyo eAluminiyam Hydroxide ukwandisa ukusasazwa kunye nokuhambelana kwimathiriyeli edityanisiweyo ephezulu. Olu tshintsho lweteknoloji luvumela ukulayishwa okuphezulu kwesihluzi kwimiceli-mngeni yepolymeri ngaphandle kokuphazamisa amandla oomatshini okanye ukuchasana kwempembelelo, ukutyhala imida yokusebenza ye-eco{9}}yeenkqubo ezibambekayo zomlilo{10}}nokumelana neemfuno ezingqongqo zozinzo ezifunwa ngamashishini ehlabathi elizayo.

6. Isiphelo

I-Aluminiyamu Hydroxide, emelwe ngokwenzululwazi ngefomula yeekhemikhali i-Al(OH) 3, ibonakaliswe ngaphezu kwe-precipitate yekhemikhali elula okanye imveliso yeminerali eqhelekileyo; yintsika yesiseko sesayensi yezinto zanamhlanje, ubunjineli bemichiza, kunye nokuveliswa. Udibaniso lwayo olulodwa, olunenzuzo ephezulu yokuphinda isebenze kwakhona kwekhemikhali ye-amphoteric, uzinzo oluphezulu lwe-thermal, kunye ne-systemic toxicity esezantsi iyenza ingabinako ukuphinda ithathelwe indawo kuyo yonke i-domain engaqhelekanga yosetyenziso. Ukusuka ekusindiseni ubomi babantu ngokusebenzisa amayeza onyango akumgangatho ophezulu kunye nokukhusela iziseko zoncedo zikawonke-wonke ngokucotha amadangatye asebenzayo ukuqinisekisa ukucoceka, amanzi okusela aselwayo kunye nokunika amandla ukuhlanganiswa kweekhemikhali ezintsonkothileyo kwimizi-mveliso, iAluminiyam Hydroxide iyaqhubeka ukubonisa ukusetyenziswa okumangalisayo kunye nexabiso lezoqoqosho. Njengoko itekhnoloji yemveliso yehlabathi iguquka kwaye uzinzo lokusingqongileyo luba lukhulu kuyilo lwemizi-mveliso, uphando lwezenzululwazi oluqhubekayo, ukuphuculwa kwenkqubo, kunye namanyathelo ohlaza lwekhemistri aya kuqinisekisa ukuba iAluminiyam Hydroxide igcina indima yayo ebalulekileyo ekuhlangabezaneni neemfuno eziqatha zamashishini ehlabathi angomso.